Chapter 8

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

FACTS THAT MATTER

•Manufacturing is processing of raw materials into finished products of higher value.

•Manufacturing industries provide employment & contribute to national income & earns foreign exchange through exports.

Types of Industries

•Industries are classified on different bases.

# based on size capital and labour force : Larger scale ,medium scale ,small scale, cottage

# ownership : public sector, private sector, joint and cooperative sector

#based on use of their products : basic goods, capital goods, intermediate goods, consumer goods

#Based on raw material used: agriculture , forest based, mineral based, industrially processed raw material based

Based on Nature of manufactured products

(I)Metallurgical Industry

(ii) Chemical & Allied

(iii) Food Processing

(iv) Electronics

(v)Mechanical Engineering Industries (vi) Textiles

(vi) Electricity generation

(vii) Communication Industries

(viii) Electronics

Location of Industries

•It is influenced by several factors like raw materials, market, capital, transport, power, labour, policies etc. They are located at a place where cost of production & delivery, cost of manufactured goods to consumers are the least.

Raw Materials

•Industries using weight-loosing, bulking and perishable raw materials are located in the regions where raw materials located. Sugar, Iron & Steel.

Power

•Provides the motive force for machines

•So regular supply is essential for an industry to function.

Market

•Provides outlets for manufactured products.

•Heavy machines and perishable products industry generally are close to markets-to reduce transportation cost and time.

Transport

•Network is essential for bringing in the raw materials and transporting the finished nroduct to the market. Labourers also commute through them. All major industries are located along trunk routes.

Labour

•Skilled & unskilled labourers are essential for the functioning of an industry.

Historical Factors

•Also contribute to the development of industries over ten years. Our colonial past has infiuenced the development of many industrial regions along the development trunk routes (railway).

Industrial Policy

•For balanced regional development and economic growth provides a lot of incentives to industries locating in backward areas of the country.

•Apart from there loans/in human provides by banks, industrial inertia, peace stability of a region also influence industrial location.

Major Industries

•Some of the important industries are: The iron and steel industry, cotton textile industry, sugar industry, petrochemical industry and the IT industry.

•The cotton textile industry and the sugar industry are our traditional industries based on local raw materials which prospered even in the British period. The more recent petrochemical industry and the IT industry are grouped under modern industries.

The Iron and Steel Industry

•The iron and steel industry is taken as a base for industrial development of a country because it provides tools and machinery to all other industries.

•In India, there is a crescent-shaped region consisting of some parts of Chhattisgarh, Northern Odisha, Jharkhand and western West Bengal, which is extremely rich in high grade iron-ore, good quality coking coal and other supplementing raw materials.

Most of iron and steel plants are located here. The Indian iron and steel industry consists of large integrated steel plants as well as mini-steel mills. It also includes secondary producers, rolling mills and ancillary industries.

• Important integrated steel plants of India include:

(a)Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Limited (TISCO)

(b) Indian Iron and Steel Corporation (1ISCO)

(d) Rourkela Steel Plant

(e) Bhilai Steel Plant

(f) Durgapur Steel Plant

(g) Bokaro Steel Plant

Other steel plants:

(a) The Vizag Steel Plant, in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is the first port-based plant which started operating in 1992.

(b) The Vijaynagar Steel Plant at Hospet in Karnataka was developed using indigenous technology.

The Cotton Textile Industry

•In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai. This city had several advantages as a cotton textile manufacturing centre. It was very close to the cotton producing areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra. Raw cotton used to be brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England. Therefore, cotton was available in Mumbai city itself

•By 1947, the number of mills in India went up to 423 but the scenario changed after partition, and this industry suffered a major recession as most of the good quality cotton growing areas had gone to West Pakistan and India was left with 409 mills and only 29 per cent of the cotton producing area.

Sugar Industry

•Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality of raw materials. It is the second most important agro-based industry in the country. India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar and contributes about 8 per cent of the total sugar production in the world. This industry provides employment for more than 4 lakh persons directly and a large number of farmers indirectly. In 1950-51, 139 factories were in operation. The number of sugar factories rose to 662 in 2010-11.

Location of the Sugar Industry

•Maharashtra has emerged as a leading sugar producer in the country and produces more than one-third of the total production of the sugar in the country. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar. The other states which produce sugar are

Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Petrochemical Industries

•Three organisations are working in the petrochemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.

(a) Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL): It is a public sector undertaking. It is responsible for the manufacture and distribution of the various petrochemicals like polymers, chemicals, fibres and fibre intermediates.

(b) Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL): It is a joint venture of the Government of India and Weaver's Cooperative Societies. It produces polyester filament yarn and nylon chips at its two plants located at Vadodara and Naldhari in Gujarat.

(c) Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET): It is involved in imparting training in Petrochemical industry.

•The National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL), established in private sector in 1961, started the first naphtha-based chemical industry in Mumbai. Later, several other companies were formed.

Knowledge based Industries

•The advancement in information technology has had a profound influence on the country's economy. The Information Technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation. Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy. The Indian government has created a number of software parks in the country. The IT software and services industry account for almost 2 per cent of India's GDP.

Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) and Industrial Development in India

•The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991. The major objectives of this policy were as follows:

(a) Building on the gains already made.

(b) Correcting the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in.

(d) Attaining international competitiveness.

•Following measures were initiated under this policy:

(a) Abolition of industrial licensing.

(b) Free entry to foreign technology.

(d) Access to capital market,

(e) Open trade.

(f) Abolition of phased manufacturing programme.

(g) Liberalised industrial location programme.

•There were three major objectives of this policy: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG).

•The number of industries reserved for public sector since 1956 have been reduced from 17 to 4. Industries related to atomic energy, substances specified in the Schedule of the Department of Atomic Energy as well as Railways have remained under the public sector. Only six industries of strategic and security importance needed licensing. For all other industries, licensing was abolished.

•This policy showed liberalisation to attract multinational companies (MNCs) and foreign direct investment (PDI). In spite of all this FDI could not be at a level of expectation.

Industrial Regions in India

Major Industrial Regions of India:

(I) Mumbai-Pune Region

(ii) Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu Region

(iii) Chotanagpur Region

(Iv) Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut Region

(v) Hugli region

(vi) Gujarat region

(vii) Visakhapatnam Guntur region

(viii) Kollam Thiruvananthapuram region

Minor Industrial Regions of India:

(I) Ambala-Amritsar

(ii) Indore-Dewas-Ujjain (iii)Kolhapur-South Kannada

(vi) Middle Malabar (v)Allahabad-Varanasi-Mirzapur

(vi) Durg-Raipur

(vii) Brahmaputra valley

(viii) Saharanpur Muzaffarnagar Bijnor

(ix) Jaipur Ajmer

(x) Northern Malabar

(xi) Adilabad Nizamabad

(xii) Bhojpur Munger

(xiii) Bilaspur Korba

Important Industrial Districts of India:

(I) Kanpur

(ii) Gwalior

(iii) Cuttack

(iv) Purnia

(v) Hyderabad

(vi) Bhopal

(vii) Gorakhpur

(viii) Jabalpur

(ix) Agra

(x) Lucknow

(xi) Aligarh

(xii) Bareilly

(xiii) Nagpur

(xiv) Jalpaiguri

(xv) Kota

We hope CBSE/MP Board Class 12th "Geography Part B " Chapter 8 "Manufacturing industries" will help you.

Written By - HIMANSHU SHARMA